Noun

Gender

Persian is a gender-neutral language. That is, it doesn't differentiate masculine, feminine and neuter genders and uses an identical form for all of them. For example, Persian has one word for both English «he» and English «she».

Definite article

There is no definite article in Persian. A bare noun indicates a definite noun i.e. a noun which is familiar to the audience (which includes common and generic nouns):

Mâšin dar pârking ast — the car is in the garage (literally: car, in garage, is)
Az mâr mitarsam — I'm afraid of snakes (literally: from snake, I fear)
Varzeš barâ ye salâmati xub ast — Exercise is good for health (literally: exercise, for health, good, is)
Mâh be dowr e zamin migardad — the moon circles the earth (literally: moon, to round of earth, turns)

Plural

The formation of plural in Persian can be divided into three cases:

using the plural suffix «-hâ»
using the plural suffix «-ân»
Arabic plural

Words are normally pluralized with the suffix «hâ» e.g. «ketâbhâ» (books).

The plural suffix «ân» («gân» after the vowel «e» and «yân» after other vowels) is specific to human beings. It can be used instead of «-hâ» to designate human beings. For example:

«sar» means «head», «sarhâ» means «heads» but «sarân» means «chiefs, heads, leaders»
«gozašte» means «past», «gozaštehâ» means «the past (things, events)» but «gozaštegân» means «the people of the past»

There are many Arabic loanwords in Persian and many of them have also brought their plural form (that can be regular or irregular) into written Persian. However, they are optional and you can use «-hâ» to pluralize any word. In fact, Arabic plurals are not found in spoken Persian and words are pluralized with «-hâ». Even in written Persian, the use of Arabic plurals has greatly decreased in favor of «-hâ».

Note: In Persian, nouns are not pluralized when used with numbers because a number itself indicates the quantity e.g. «yek ketâb» (one/a book), «do ketâb» (two books, literally: two book).

Indefinite article

Indefiniteness is expressed by the enclitic particle «i». English does not have an exact equivalent for the Persian's plural indefinite form. It is often translated as «some» or «a few» or is simply omitted:

definite sg.	indefinite sg.	definite pl.	indefinite pl.
mâŝin — [the] car	mâŝin i — a car	mâŝinhâ — [the] cars	mâŝinhâ i — some cars
čiz — [the] thing	čiz i — something, literally: some thing	čizhâ — [the] things	čizhâ i — some things
jâ — [the] place	jâ i — somewhere, literally: some place	jâhâ — [the] places	jâhâ i — some places