The past active participle, or simply “past participle”, is formed by removing “-an” from the infinitive of a verb and adding “-e”. In other words, past participle is formed by adding “-e” to the past stem of a verb.
| Infinitive | Past Stem | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| رفتن raftan to go |
رفت raft |
رفته rafte gone |
| دیدن didan to see |
دید did |
دیده dide seen |
| بودن budan to be |
بود bud |
بوده bude been |
| نوشتن neveštan to write |
نوشت nevešt |
نوشته nevešte written |
| گذشتن gozaštan to pass |
گذشت gozašt |
گذشته gozašte passed |
Tense formation
Past participles are used in the formation of certain tenses.
| Tense | Example |
|---|---|
| Present perfect | رفتهام rafeam I have gone |
| Past precedent | رفته بودم rafte budam I had gone |
Word formation
Past participles can be used as an adjective, adverb or noun. Derived words literally mean "someone or something that has done". They usually find extended meanings, depending on the context. For example, گذشته (gozašte) literally means "something/somebody that has passed" but it also means "past".
| Tense | Example |
|---|---|
| گذشتن gozaštan to pass |
گذشته gozašte passed → past |
| بستن bastan to close |
بسته baste closed → package |
| فرستادن ferestâdan to send |
فرستاده ferestâde sent → envoy, emissary |
| گفتن goftan to say |
گفته gofte said → words (something said) |