In Persian, the passive voice is formed from past active participle and the auxiliary verb شدن (šodan). Similarly, the past passive participle of a verb is formed from its past active participle and شده (šode), which is the past active participle of شدن.

Infinitive Past Active Participle Past Passive Participle
گفتن
goftan
to say
گفته
gofte
said
گفته‌شده
goftešode
that has been said
خواندن
xwândan
to read
خوانده
xwânde
read
خوانده‌شده
xwândešode
that has been read

English does not always differentiate between passive and active voices. In the following example, “read” means “that has been read” and thus, Persian uses past passive participle.

نشان زدن پیغام به عنوان خوانده‌شده
nešân zadan-e peyǧâm be onvân-e xwândešode
Mark a message as read

Compound verbs

Regarding compound verbs made with کردن (kardan), the past passive participle is formed by replacing کردن (kardan) with شده (šode).

Infinitive Past passive participle
باز کردن
bâz kardan
to open
بازشده
bâzšode
that has been opened
پاک کردن
pâk kardan
to clean
پاک‌شده
pâkšode
that has been cleaned

Negative form

The negative form is made by prefixing ن (na-) to the auxiliary part i.e. شده

Positive form Negative form
گفته‌شده
goftešode
that has been said
گفته‌نشده
goftenašode
that has not been said
خوانده‌شده
xwândešode
that has been read
خوانده‌نشده
xwândenašode
that has not been read
بازشده
bâzšode
that has been opened
بازنشده
bâznašode
that has not been opened
پاک‌شده
pâkšode
that has been cleaned
پاک‌نشده
pâknašode
that has not been cleaned