In Persian, the passive voice is formed from past active participle and the auxiliary verb شدن (šodan). Similarly, the past passive participle of a verb is formed from its past active participle and شده (šode), which is the past active participle of شدن.
| Infinitive | Past Active Participle | Past Passive Participle |
|---|---|---|
| گفتن goftan to say |
گفته gofte said |
گفتهشده goftešode that has been said |
| خواندن xwândan to read |
خوانده xwânde read |
خواندهشده xwândešode that has been read |
English does not always differentiate between passive and active voices. In the following example, “read” means “that has been read” and thus, Persian uses past passive participle.
| نشان زدن پیغام به عنوان خواندهشده nešân zadan-e peyǧâm be onvân-e xwândešode Mark a message as read |
Compound verbs
Regarding compound verbs made with کردن (kardan), the past passive participle is formed by replacing کردن (kardan) with شده (šode).
| Infinitive | Past passive participle |
|---|---|
| باز کردن bâz kardan to open |
بازشده bâzšode that has been opened |
| پاک کردن pâk kardan to clean |
پاکشده pâkšode that has been cleaned |
Negative form
The negative form is made by prefixing ن (na-) to the auxiliary part i.e. شده
| Positive form | Negative form |
|---|---|
| گفتهشده goftešode that has been said |
گفتهنشده goftenašode that has not been said |
| خواندهشده xwândešode that has been read |
خواندهنشده xwândenašode that has not been read |
| بازشده bâzšode that has been opened |
بازنشده bâznašode that has not been opened |
| پاکشده pâkšode that has been cleaned |
پاکنشده pâknašode that has not been cleaned |