In Persian, the passive voice is formed from past active participle and the auxiliary verb شدن (šodan). Similarly, the past passive participle of a verb is formed from its past active participle and شده (šode), which is the past active participle of شدن.
Infinitive | Past Active Participle | Past Passive Participle |
---|---|---|
گفتن goftan to say |
گفته gofte said |
گفتهشده goftešode that has been said |
خواندن xwândan to read |
خوانده xwânde read |
خواندهشده xwândešode that has been read |
English does not always differentiate between passive and active voices. In the following example, “read” means “that has been read” and thus, Persian uses past passive participle.
نشان زدن پیغام به عنوان خواندهشده nešân zadan-e peyǧâm be onvân-e xwândešode Mark a message as read |
Compound verbs
Regarding compound verbs made with کردن (kardan), the past passive participle is formed by replacing کردن (kardan) with شده (šode).
Infinitive | Past passive participle |
---|---|
باز کردن bâz kardan to open |
بازشده bâzšode that has been opened |
پاک کردن pâk kardan to clean |
پاکشده pâkšode that has been cleaned |
Negative form
The negative form is made by prefixing ن (na-) to the auxiliary part i.e. شده
Positive form | Negative form |
---|---|
گفتهشده goftešode that has been said |
گفتهنشده goftenašode that has not been said |
خواندهشده xwândešode that has been read |
خواندهنشده xwândenašode that has not been read |
بازشده bâzšode that has been opened |
بازنشده bâznašode that has not been opened |
پاکشده pâkšode that has been cleaned |
پاکنشده pâknašode that has not been cleaned |