Many Persian verbs have an irregular present stem. However, the majority of irregular verbs can be classified into categories in which present stems follow the same formation pattern. This page provides a general overview of these patterns. For the complete list of verbs and exceptions, please refer to the dedicated page for each pattern.
Verbs ending in یدن (-idan)
The present stem of verbs ending in یدن (-idan) is formed by removing -idan from their infinitive form:
| Infinitive | Present Stem |
|---|---|
| باریدن bâridan | بار bâr |
| بریدن boridan | بر bor |
| بوسیدن busidan | بوس bus |
Verbs ending in ندن (-ndan)
The present stem of verbs ending in ندن (-ndan) is formed by removing -dan from their infinitive form
| Infinitive | Present Stem |
|---|---|
| کندن kandan | کن kan |
| ماندن mândan | مان mân |
| خواندن khwândan | خوان khwân |
Verbs ending in ردن (-rdan)
The present stem of verbs ending in ردن (-rdan) is formed by removing -dan from their infinitive form
| Infinitive | Present Stem |
|---|---|
| گستردن gostardan | گستر gostar |
| خوردن khordan | خور khor |
| پروردن parvardan | پرور parvar |
Verbs ending in ودن (-udan)
The present stem of verbs ending in ودن (-udan) is formed by replacing it with -â
| Infinitive | Present Stem |
|---|---|
| آزمودن âzmudan | آزما âzmâ |
| فرمودن farmudan | فرما farmâ |
| ربودن robudan | ربا robâ |
Verbs ending in اشتن (-âshtan)
The present stem of verbs ending in اشتن (-âshtan) is formed by replacing it with -âr
| Infinitive | Present Stem |
|---|---|
| داشتن dâshtan | دار dâr |
| گذاشتن gozâshtan | گذار gozâr |
| کاشتن kâshtan | کار kâr |
Verbs ending in ستن (-estan)
The present stem of verbs ending in ستن (-estan) is formed by removing it
| Infinitive | Present Stem |
|---|---|
| بایستن bâyestan | بای bây |
| دانستن dânestan | دان dân |
| توانستن tavânestan | توان tavân |
Verbs ending in ختن (-khtan)
The present stem of verbs ending in ختن (-khtan) is formed by replacing it with -z
| Infinitive | Present Stem |
|---|---|
| آمیختن âmikhtan | آمیز âmiz |
| آموختن âmukhtan | آموز âmuz |
| انداختن andâkhtan | انداز andâz |